http://www.gildasattic.com/dwgriffith.html
http://www.bookrags.com/research/griffith-d-w-1875-1948-sjpc-02
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAgriffith.htm
http://www.tech-notes.tv/Dig-Cine/Digitalcinema.html
http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects1.html
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/gramtv.html
http://www.filmsite.org/pre20sintro2.html http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/timeline.html
http://www.stikkymedia.com/articles/a-history-of-cgi-in-movies
http://www.beanblossom.in.us/larryy/cgi.html
http://www.fcc.gov/omd/history/tv/1930-1959.html
http://www.high-techproductions.com/historyoftelevision.htm
Friday, 22 October 2010
Thursday, 21 October 2010
Camera editing is when you are filming your shots without using any postproduction. In order to have good camera editing, you have to plan ahead the shots you are going to shoot. Camera editing was used by the Lumaise brothers in the 1880s. They invented Cinematographe, which was a device that had a camera, printer and projector in one. They used this device for their first film and what it does is shoot and live editing.
Static camera filmmaking is when you shoot the whole scene with an establish shot; leaving the camera stationary in one position. Static camera filmmaking was first used in the 1890s. It was introduced by French director, George Mellies. His film “A Trip to the Moon” had one camera stationed in one position for all the scenes; it had early example of fade in/fade outs, narrative storyline, stop motion, slow-motion, dissolve and double exposure and trick photography which was early special effects.
Like George Melles, other director that pioneer film editing was Edwin v Porter, he made films such as “The Life of an American Fireman” in 1903, which his editing technique was using inter cutting or jump cutting between the scenes of the burning house with the camera set up sitting outside the building to be able to dramatise the scene. That film’s narrative is not linear because of the repeat narrative action and it had first examples of close ups e.g. hand pulling a fire alarm.
Later that year, Porter's film “The Great Train Robbery” was proved to be one of the most influential films because of his editing. It was one of the first films to have a chronological sequence and it had innovative techniques such as an early attempt at the parallel edit, e.g. when the young girl untied the guy and people having a dance at the same time, even though he didn’t intentionally do it. Porter used close-up shots of the bandit shot toward the audience as it was done to make a dramatic effect. He also used camera panning e.g. the scene where the bandits escape with the money.
In the same time period, DW Griffith, unlike Porter, experimented with camera positions and shot sizes like close ups, e.g. his dramatic use of close up of the flower that he used in the birth of the nation, establishing shots, and mid shots. He also experimented with lighting such as low key, backlight etc. He developed Porter‘s camera techniques (e.g. pans, tilts) into parallel editing - cross – cutting, and close ups. He used parallel editing- cross cutting for most of his films such as, “The Girl in her trust” e.g. the two tramps looking through the window of the house cuts inside the house as they are looking; it intercuts between them and the man and the girl in the house.
He used parallel editing to create excitement, suspense and some sort of simultaneous action. As well as being famous for parallel editing etc. he was also known for his continuity editing. He was often called “creator of continuity editing” for his films such as “The Birth of the nation" and "the sunbeam". For an example; between 13:07 and 13:14, there was the continuity edit, when the guy went out of the shot and smiling back to the people and then next cut is of him coming into the shot still smiling at the people.
Over the years (after 1920s), the emergence of television changed the editing developed. Instead of using one camera, film- and TV makers began to use more then one camera. Here is an example of a clip of "The Queen Messenger" made 1925, it was the first world first televised play.
They used two cameras in this, the first camera was an establishing shot and the second one was a mid shot of the man and the woman sitting on the table. In the 1950's, before the invention of videotapes, live television was filmed in Kinescope (which is when you record a tv program using an video monitor). There were problems with Kinescope such as picture degradation, image control and loss of contrast, and that led to the invention of videotapes. Videotapes in those days were intended as a short term plan, but after years of development videotape became reliable producton tool for video editing.
CGI had a forerunner about 100 years ago in experimental filmmakers (e.g. George Melies), who used trick photography to create special effects. Here's a one of the example of the first special effects.
In this short film, George Melis made the camera stop (using a jump cut or a stop effect), allowing the trick to look realistic. During the 20th century, technology in editing was developing as the industry wanted more things than cutting the film or using stop motion. That was to change in the digitial age, when computers were invented and allowed for the advancement of effects, such as CGI(Computer Generated Imagery), that can do so much in a film.
Here's an example of Indiana Jones and the Raider of the Lost Ark, whuich was one of the last films (before cumputers was involved) to used trick photography
What they done in the scene, is that they used time lapsed of melting wax heads and double exposed the film in order to create an illusion.
In the past 30 years, CGI was developing from stop motion to digitial effects with films such as; Terminator 2 (1991) had the first use of human movements for a computer-generated character and "Jurassic Park" that had the first use of photorealistic characters. Here an example of "Jurassic Park"
3D computer graphics is most recent development in CGI, with films such as "Avatar" that used 3D photorealistic characters in 3D world
3D has changed on how the audience viewed films in cinema with wearing 3d glasses or going to watch it in IMAX Cinama. The reason is that lots of films are releasing in 3D such as Saw, Alice in Wonderland and Toy Story 3D.
Static camera filmmaking is when you shoot the whole scene with an establish shot; leaving the camera stationary in one position. Static camera filmmaking was first used in the 1890s. It was introduced by French director, George Mellies. His film “A Trip to the Moon” had one camera stationed in one position for all the scenes; it had early example of fade in/fade outs, narrative storyline, stop motion, slow-motion, dissolve and double exposure and trick photography which was early special effects.
Like George Melles, other director that pioneer film editing was Edwin v Porter, he made films such as “The Life of an American Fireman” in 1903, which his editing technique was using inter cutting or jump cutting between the scenes of the burning house with the camera set up sitting outside the building to be able to dramatise the scene. That film’s narrative is not linear because of the repeat narrative action and it had first examples of close ups e.g. hand pulling a fire alarm.
Later that year, Porter's film “The Great Train Robbery” was proved to be one of the most influential films because of his editing. It was one of the first films to have a chronological sequence and it had innovative techniques such as an early attempt at the parallel edit, e.g. when the young girl untied the guy and people having a dance at the same time, even though he didn’t intentionally do it. Porter used close-up shots of the bandit shot toward the audience as it was done to make a dramatic effect. He also used camera panning e.g. the scene where the bandits escape with the money.
In the same time period, DW Griffith, unlike Porter, experimented with camera positions and shot sizes like close ups, e.g. his dramatic use of close up of the flower that he used in the birth of the nation, establishing shots, and mid shots. He also experimented with lighting such as low key, backlight etc. He developed Porter‘s camera techniques (e.g. pans, tilts) into parallel editing - cross – cutting, and close ups. He used parallel editing- cross cutting for most of his films such as, “The Girl in her trust” e.g. the two tramps looking through the window of the house cuts inside the house as they are looking; it intercuts between them and the man and the girl in the house.
He used parallel editing to create excitement, suspense and some sort of simultaneous action. As well as being famous for parallel editing etc. he was also known for his continuity editing. He was often called “creator of continuity editing” for his films such as “The Birth of the nation" and "the sunbeam". For an example; between 13:07 and 13:14, there was the continuity edit, when the guy went out of the shot and smiling back to the people and then next cut is of him coming into the shot still smiling at the people.
Over the years (after 1920s), the emergence of television changed the editing developed. Instead of using one camera, film- and TV makers began to use more then one camera. Here is an example of a clip of "The Queen Messenger" made 1925, it was the first world first televised play.
They used two cameras in this, the first camera was an establishing shot and the second one was a mid shot of the man and the woman sitting on the table. In the 1950's, before the invention of videotapes, live television was filmed in Kinescope (which is when you record a tv program using an video monitor). There were problems with Kinescope such as picture degradation, image control and loss of contrast, and that led to the invention of videotapes. Videotapes in those days were intended as a short term plan, but after years of development videotape became reliable producton tool for video editing.
CGI had a forerunner about 100 years ago in experimental filmmakers (e.g. George Melies), who used trick photography to create special effects. Here's a one of the example of the first special effects.
In this short film, George Melis made the camera stop (using a jump cut or a stop effect), allowing the trick to look realistic. During the 20th century, technology in editing was developing as the industry wanted more things than cutting the film or using stop motion. That was to change in the digitial age, when computers were invented and allowed for the advancement of effects, such as CGI(Computer Generated Imagery), that can do so much in a film.
Here's an example of Indiana Jones and the Raider of the Lost Ark, whuich was one of the last films (before cumputers was involved) to used trick photography
What they done in the scene, is that they used time lapsed of melting wax heads and double exposed the film in order to create an illusion.
In the past 30 years, CGI was developing from stop motion to digitial effects with films such as; Terminator 2 (1991) had the first use of human movements for a computer-generated character and "Jurassic Park" that had the first use of photorealistic characters. Here an example of "Jurassic Park"
3D computer graphics is most recent development in CGI, with films such as "Avatar" that used 3D photorealistic characters in 3D world
3D has changed on how the audience viewed films in cinema with wearing 3d glasses or going to watch it in IMAX Cinama. The reason is that lots of films are releasing in 3D such as Saw, Alice in Wonderland and Toy Story 3D.
Wednesday, 20 October 2010
Transitisons e.g Dissolve, fade, wipe
Dissolve is a transition two images which one fades out and then other fades up. Usaully see Dissolves in films that has dream squences or a flashback because it has a hallucinate effect. Fade is a transition is when picture suddenly appears (fade in) and (Fade out) is when the picture suddenly disappear. Wipe is a transition that goes across the frame like a bar to remove a shot to make way for an another shot. Here's a clip from the film "Psycho"
In this scene, At 2:50 there's a close shot of drainhole and then fade in with a close shot of the eye to juxapose both of them.
In this scene, At 2:50 there's a close shot of drainhole and then fade in with a close shot of the eye to juxapose both of them.
Tuesday, 19 October 2010
Editing rhythm
Edting rhythm is a progressively process in a scene that is trying to increase tension or slown down the tension and then putting back the tension again or have it in slow pace at first and then the pace would increase. The editor uses rhythm to create exicitement for the the viewer and it also creates uncertain element for the scene. here's a clip from "The Quick and the Dead"
In this scene, the two gun fighters are having a showdown. The camera pans out and then quick close shots of gunfighters faces before they shoot, it increase the editing rate that made tension for the audience.
In this scene, the two gun fighters are having a showdown. The camera pans out and then quick close shots of gunfighters faces before they shoot, it increase the editing rate that made tension for the audience.
Monday, 18 October 2010
shot reverse shot
shot reverse shot is a form of editing that you cut between shots on two characters (characters A and B), for example; you will cut between charater A's face from the shoulder or back of the head of character B and then it goes reverse. Editors mostly use SRS for conversion scenes. the limitations is that you cant use theose shots because the audience will get tired of it .
From the 3:15, you see a pefect example of Shot reverse shot with Robin Williams as character A and Matt Damon as character B, and they got the same eyeline.
From the 3:15, you see a pefect example of Shot reverse shot with Robin Williams as character A and Matt Damon as character B, and they got the same eyeline.
180 degree rule
Is a rule that the camera should be placed somewhere inside 180 degrees on a particular side of the invisible line of a shot that* has two people filmed in sequence. If the camera crosses the line, it will confuse the audience, because it makes it look like the people are switching places as one watches the film.
Here's a clip from "reggie perrin" from 07:23-08:36, it has perfect example of 180 degree. As you can see the eyeline matches, they are both between the line and the camera stays within the semi circle.
Here's a clip from "reggie perrin" from 07:23-08:36, it has perfect example of 180 degree. As you can see the eyeline matches, they are both between the line and the camera stays within the semi circle.
Motivated editing
Motivated editing is a form of editing that movitates what you see or what you hear, so it basincally means when something is not frame, you will see that something appear or hear it in the next cut. They used this kind of editing in horror films, you see a shot of a woman or man walking through the forest in the night a, and then the next thing you hear a crack of a wood, suggesting that there is something in the woods and then it cuts to the place where the sound is. Here's a clip from "Freedy vs Jason" that has motivated editing between 02:54 - 04:03
In this scene, you see the girl whose about to swim in the lake and then there's was a noise in the woods and it cuts to a POV shot , it illudes the audience thinking that the killer or someone in the woods.
In this scene, you see the girl whose about to swim in the lake and then there's was a noise in the woods and it cuts to a POV shot , it illudes the audience thinking that the killer or someone in the woods.
Parallel editing
Paraell editing is a form of editing that allows more than or two actions or events that are happening at the same time. here's a scene from "24" they used spit screen. they used paraell editing in films and television to create some sort of tension for the audience,when the characters are unaware of events that currently happening right now away from the main action.
For having spit screen in "24" it adds tension and effect to dramatic action.
For having spit screen in "24" it adds tension and effect to dramatic action.
continuity editing
Continuity editing is important in films in general without it, and then films would be over the place. Where the editors have to make sure the narrative structure flows in the film correctly. So basincally actions have to matched such as dialongue, background, lighting etc For an example; there's a person with a cut lip sitting on the table and then there's a different shot of him but without a cut lip, that’s a continuity error and that could confuse the audience. Here's a clip of continuity mistakes of star wars.
Sometimes in films, you can get away with conitinuty mistakes, like in Star wars. The audience sometimes might not notice the errors or maybe they do, but they dont really mind along as it doesnt affect the films.
Sometimes in films, you can get away with conitinuty mistakes, like in Star wars. The audience sometimes might not notice the errors or maybe they do, but they dont really mind along as it doesnt affect the films.
Editing to soundtrack
Editing to soundtrack is a form of editing that conjoins the action and the music. Here's the film "Jaws"
In this film, every time you hear theme song, the audience anticipate that the shark is coming kill the person. The more the beats gets louder, the more the shark gets more closer for its kill.
In this film, every time you hear theme song, the audience anticipate that the shark is coming kill the person. The more the beats gets louder, the more the shark gets more closer for its kill.
Sunday, 17 October 2010
Point-of-view shot (POV).
Point-of-view shot is a when a subject or person is representing the camera as their eyes. They used this shot to be able to allow the the audience identify with the main character. It also allows the audience to be in the main position of the character. Here's a clip from "The Terminator"
Between 35:00 to 36:00 they used POV shot of the Terminator while it is pursuing sarah connor and man;it cuts between the pursuit and POV. it allows the audience look at the the Terminator's robot nature.
Between 35:00 to 36:00 they used POV shot of the Terminator while it is pursuing sarah connor and man;it cuts between the pursuit and POV. it allows the audience look at the the Terminator's robot nature.
Thursday, 14 October 2010
Providing and witholding information
Providing and witholding information is when you get a dramatic question in narrative structure of a film, by having dramatic question in beginning of the film. here's a clip from Mission impossible 3. By having Providing and withholding information, it will create supense for the audience. it will get the audience to watch the film throughout to work the answer.
Saturday, 9 October 2010
Cutaway
Cutaway is a shot that cuts from the current action, Its like a secendary activity that is happening at the same for an example; when woman and man having a fight in the living room and then it cuts with someone walking with the dog. Sometimes they use cutawaays to get rid of unwanted frames or covering a cut.
here's a clip from Panroma about BP oil drill. In this clip, you will see cutaways especially in the interviews when its cutaway to reconstruction etc. They use cutaways to try illustate on what they are talking about
here's a clip from Panroma about BP oil drill. In this clip, you will see cutaways especially in the interviews when its cutaway to reconstruction etc. They use cutaways to try illustate on what they are talking about
Monday, 4 October 2010
Montage
Montage is a form of editing that has serious of edit shots that are combing togther to have sort of juxapostion or a element of meaning. Here's a montage from the film "Citizan Kane"
There's an introduction montage with a third person; like it was a news report. The montage is juxaposing clips of what look-like archive footage of the life of Orson Wellis' charcter, they used this technique to give information to the audience about the background of the main character.
There's an introduction montage with a third person; like it was a news report. The montage is juxaposing clips of what look-like archive footage of the life of Orson Wellis' charcter, they used this technique to give information to the audience about the background of the main character.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)